Monitoring is essential in parenting programmes for tracking and evaluating the design programme's effectiveness. It involves identifying valid and reliable measures to assess the programme's effectiveness and progress toward parenting goals. This step consists of building a monitoring framework with an evaluation plan (e.g., randomized control trials, developmental, mixed-method evaluations) to assess the direct and indirect parenting programme outcomes and establish improvements based on findings. Additionally, it includes identifying and addressing gaps and building on local monitoring capabilities through training.